TNF-α (AF)

Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells following stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF-α signal activation occurs through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 is expressed on most cell types, unlike TNFR2, which is expressed mainly on immune cells. TNF-α functions to stimulate phagocytosis in macrophages, chemoattract neutrophils, increase insulin resistance, and induce fever.